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Kamis, 26 April 2012

SOFTKILL CONJUNCTIONS


CONJUNCTIONS

Definition

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one):
Coordinating Conjunctions
so

(It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.)
When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
  • Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.
When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma:
  • Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet.
The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help.
A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:
  • Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading comprehension.
When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:
  • Presbyterians and Methodists and Baptists are the prevalent Protestant congregations in Oklahoma.
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
  • This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.
In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.
  • Hemingway and Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era.
  • Hemingway was renowned for his clear style and his insights into American notions of male identity.
  • It is hard to say whether Hemingway or Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of his day.
  • Although Hemingway is sometimes disparaged for his unpleasant portrayal of women and for his glorification of machismo, we nonetheless find some sympathetic, even heroic, female figures in his novels and short stories.
Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.


EXERCISE - CONJUNCTIONS
Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when.
  • 1 Things were different _____ I was young.
  • 2 I do it _____ I like it.
  • 3 Let us wait here _____ the rain stops.
  • 4 You cannot be a lawyer  _____ you have a law degree.
  • 5 That was years _____ years ago.
  • 6 She has not called _____ she left last week.
  • 7 I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago.
  • 8 This is an expensive _____ very useful book.
  • 9 We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest.
  • 10 He was angry _____ he heard when happened.

ANSWER KEY
1.Things were different when I was young.
2. I do it because I like it.
3.Let us wait here until the rain stops.
4. You cannot be a lawyer unless you have a law degree.
5. That was years and years ago.
6. She has not called since she left last week.
7. I saw him leaving an hour or two ago.
8. This is an expensive but very useful book.
9. We were getting tired so we stopped for a rest.
10. He was angry when he heard when happened.


SUMBER :


SOFTKILL NOUN CLAUSE



NOUN CLAUSE
A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:
  • that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

  • wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I see what I say?
FORMULA NOUN CLAUSE
·         Noun clause be preceded by a noun clause markers as follows.

Noun Clause Marker
Detail
Contoh Complex Sentence
Question Word
Question word:
what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc),
who(ever),
whose,
whom(ever),
which(ever),
where(ever),
when(ever),
how (long, far, many times, old, etc)
The class listens carefully what the teacher instructs.

The kitten follows wherever the woman goes.
Many people imagine how many times the man was failed before successful.
if atau whether
commonly used to sentence answer to the question yes-no question
Where does Leo live?  

I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta.
Is Leo live on Dewi Sartika Street?
(I don't know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not.
or

I don't know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street.
 
that
assume, believe, discover, dream,
guess, hear, hope, know,
learn, notice, predict, prove,
realize, suppose, suspect, think
I think that the group will arrive in an hour.

Many people proved that the man was a big liar.




Noun Clauses Activities…
Exercise 1: Change the questions to a noun clause.
1.     What time is it?
I would like to know ____________________________________________________.
2.    Why don’t they like go dancing?
__________________________________________________ is a mystery.
3.    Who left open the door of the car?
He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.
4.    Who is the lady in the black dress?
I wonder to know ______________________________________________________.    
5.    Whose car is this?
Does he know _______________________________________________________?
6.    What time did the flight arrive?
She would like to know _______________________________________________.
7.    How much cost the T-shirt?
Tom didn’t ask ______________________________________________________.
8.    Which one is the capital of India?
_______________________________ was the question that the teacher made.
9.    When is mother’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember ____________________________________________.
10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her mother can understand ___________________________________________.


Answer Key…
Exercise 1: Change the questions to a noun clause.
1.     What time is it?
I would like to know what time it is.
2.    Why don’t they like go dancing?
Why they don’t like go dancing is a mystery.
3.    Who left open the door of the car?
He doesn’t saw who the door of the car let open.
4.    Who is the lady in the black dress?
I wonder to know who the lady in the black dress is.
5.    Whose car is this?
Does he know whose car this is?
6.    What time did the flight arrive?
She would like to know what time the flight arrived.
7.    How much cost the T-shirt?
Tom didn’t ask how much the T-shirt cost.
8.    Which one is the capital of India?
Which one the capital of India is, was the question that the teacher made.
9.    When is mother’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember when mother’s day is.
10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her mother can understand why she couldn’t the bus on time take.
Sumber :